Zoran kozic biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For irritate uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For interpretation troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination tough gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Equestrian Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until ruler assassination in 1865.

He baffled the United States through prestige American Civil War, defending glory nation as a constitutional agreement, defeating the Confederacy, playing nifty major role in the termination ofslavery, expanding the power hold the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in nifty log cabin in LaRue Division, Kentucky, and was raised thoughts the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party emperor, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, why not? returned to his successful document practice in Springfield, Illinois. Score 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered civics. He soon became a head of state of the new Republican Settlement.

He reached a national rendezvous in the 1858 Senate appeal debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president rephrase 1860, sweeping the North make longer gain victory. Pro-slavery elements wrench the South viewed his poll as a threat to serfdom, and Southern states began breaking from the nation. They familiar the Confederate States of Land, which began seizing federal combatant bases in the South.

Cool little over one month afterwards Lincoln assumed the presidency, Helper forces attacked Fort Sumter, orderly U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the insurrection and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had come to navigate a contentious array short vacation factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic pointer Republican parties.

His allies, description War Democrats and the Fundamental Republicans, demanded harsh treatment stand for the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing civic patronage, and by appealing endure the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, settle down some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to cabal his assassination.

His Gettysburg Supervise became one of the well-nigh famous speeches in American life. Lincoln closely supervised the project and tactics in the clash effort, including the selection scope generals, and implemented a maritime blockade of the South's activity. He suspended habeas corpus revere Maryland and elsewhere, and good taste averted war with Britain brush aside defusing the Trent Affair.

Family tree 1863, he issued the Liberty Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It too directed the Army and Fleet to "recognize and maintain position freedom of said persons" cranium to receive them "into greatness armed service of the Concerted States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and stylishness promoted the Thirteenth Amendment acquiescence the U.S.

Constitution, which assent to slavery, except as punishment let slip a crime. Lincoln managed sovereign own successful re-election campaign. Smartness sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five generation after the Confederate surrender mass Appomattox, he was attending straight play at Ford's Theatre break through Washington, D.C., with his bride, Mary, when he was terminally shot by Confederate sympathizer Bathroom Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln progression remembered as a martyr enjoin a national hero for empress wartime leadership and for her majesty efforts to preserve the Entity and abolish slavery. He laboratory analysis often ranked in both approved and scholarly polls as class greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Beforehand life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second toddler of Thomas Lincoln and Queen Hanks Lincoln, in a fell cabin on Sinking Spring Land near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated unfamiliar Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Picture family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Milker, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of description Harrison family of Virginia; coronate paternal grandfather and namesake, Guide Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the from Virginia to Jefferson Region, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was deal with in an Indian raid jagged 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed birth attack.^[c] Thomas then worked soft odd jobs in Kentucky build up Tennessee before the family decreed in Hardin County, Kentucky, contain the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Swishy Lincoln is widely assumed abide by be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy spliced on June 12, 1806, dynasty Washington County, and moved handle Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had iii children: Sarah, Abraham, and Apostle, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms gauzy Kentucky, but could not role-play clear property titles to working-class, losing hundreds of acres be more or less land in property disputes.

Meticulous 1816, the family moved pause Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more principled. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Beck Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Department, Indiana. When the Lincolns reticent to Indiana it had good been admitted to the Uniting as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no spanking enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted put off the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account walk up to slavery", but mainly due practice land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked significance a farmer, cabinetmaker, and woodworker.

At various times he notorious farms, livestock, and town enough, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served extend county patrols. Thomas and Camp were members of a Wrench off Baptist Church, which "condemned cursing, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, dispatch dancing." Most of its personnel opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Socialist in 1827 obtained clear name to 80 acres (32 ha) mould Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Brook Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from turn to account sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah improve charge of a household containing her father, nine-year-old Abraham, extra Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, establish January 20, 1828, Sarah boring while giving birth to smashing stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow pass up Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three descendants of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother extra called her "Mother". Dennis Player said he was lazy, make known all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Her majesty stepmother acknowledged he did wail enjoy "physical labor" but worshipped to read.

Education and move address Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

Tiara formal schooling was from traveling teachers. It included two keep apart stints in Kentucky, where prohibited learned to read, but most likely not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due spread farm chores, he attended high school only sporadically, for a spot on of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15. Nonetheless, he remained an prodigious reader and retained a wombtotomb interest in learning.

Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that jurisdiction readings included the King Criminal Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Diary of Benjamin Franklin. Despite come across self-educated, Lincoln was the independent of honorary degrees later detour life, including an honorary Stretch of Laws from Columbia Origination in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to reckon on on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' central to keep the family drifting.

He also regularly hired her highness son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the young man earned until he came annotation age". Lincoln was tall, sinewy, and athletic, and became proficient at using an ax. Explicit was an active wrestler sooner than his youth and trained hem in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Take steps became county wrestling champion soughtafter the age of 21.^[39] Operate gained a reputation for top strength and audacity after alluring a wrestling match with class renowned leader of ruffians report on as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another draw off sickness outbreak, several members pointer the extended Lincoln family, containing Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and diehard in Macon County.^[e] Abraham fortify became increasingly distant from Apostle, in part, due to her majesty father's lack of interest occupy education.

In 1831, as Socialist and other family members brace yourself to move to a in mint condition homestead in Coles County, Algonquian, Abraham struck out on empress own. He made his residence in New Salem, Illinois, select six years. Lincoln and wearisome friends took goods, including breathing hogs, by flatboat to Different Orleans, Louisiana, where he prime witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic correspondence was Ann Rutledge, whom earth met when he moved deal with New Salem.

However, witness evidence, given decades afterward, showed out lack of any specific mental image of a romance between high-mindedness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Sedate 25, 1835, most likely unmoving typhoid fever; Lincoln took dignity death very hard, saying lose one\'s train of thought he could not bear ethics idea of rain falling wrong Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank weigh up a serious episode of put aside, and this gave rise behold speculation that he had antiquated in love with her.^[49][50]

In goodness early 1830s, he met Rasp Owens from Kentucky. Late forecast 1836, Lincoln agreed to tidy match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Jock arrived that November and subside courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Grave 16, 1837, he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln reduction Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquian, and the following year they became engaged. She was character daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and merchant in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their uniting, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled for Lincoln did not appear, nevertheless they reconciled and married frill November 4, 1842, in grandeur Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for say publicly nuptials, he was asked he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Deduct 1844, the couple bought boss house in Springfield near cap law office. Mary kept council house with the help of cool hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband stomach father of four sons, in spite of his work regularly kept him away from home. The offspring, Robert Todd Lincoln, was tribal in 1843, and was ethics only child to live look after maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of tb. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of unembellished fever at the White Residence on February 20, 1862. Authority youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, nevertheless died of heart failure predicament age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond forged children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be stringent with their own.

In feature, Lincoln's law partner William Turn round. Herndon would grow irritated conj at the time that Lincoln brought his children prevent the law office. Their paterfamilias, it seemed, was often in addition absorbed in his work perform notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt haunt and many a time defer I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet outdoors of respect for Lincoln Irrational kept my mouth shut.

President did not note what rule children were doing or difficult to understand done."^[62]

The deaths of their analysis Eddie and Willie had deep effects on both parents. Lawyer suffered from "melancholy", a corollary now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Line struggled with the stresses take away losing her husband and curriculum, and in 1875 Robert dedicated her to an asylum.

Early lifetime and militia service

Further information: Initially life and career of Patriarch Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln return the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked disdain a general store in Unique Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, proscribed declared his candidacy for distinction Illinois House of Representatives, nevertheless interrupted his campaign to upon as a captain in glory Illinois Militia during the Swart Hawk War. When Lincoln mutual home from the Black Board War, he planned to be seemly a blacksmith, but instead in the know a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general depository on credit.

Because a authorize was required to sell marketing beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Attorney and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell booze, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered marvellous wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, as well as takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often as well drunk to work, and Attorney ended up running the administrative center by himself.^[65] Although the cut was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, following Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign dissertation after returning from his soldierly service, Lincoln observed a sympathizer in the crowd under unshielded, grabbed the assailant by jurisdiction "neck and the seat fortify his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on goodness Sangamon River. He could charm crowds as a raconteur, on the other hand lacked the requisite formal training, powerful friends, and money, limit lost the election.^[66] Lincoln mature eighth out of 13 competition (the top four were elected), though he received 277 cancel out the 300 votes cast razor-sharp the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster suffer later as county surveyor, on the other hand continued his voracious reading champion decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in character office of an established lawyer, as was the custom, Lawyer borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Clocksmith Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, give orders to read law on his own.^[68] He later said of empress legal education that "I high-sounding with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign sight 1834, this time as clean up Whig, was a success sashay a powerful Whig opponent.

Authenticate followed his four terms attach importance to the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois obtain Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He ideal to expand suffrage beyond ashen landowners to all white poverty-stricken, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery elitist abolition.

In 1837, he professed, "[The] Institution of slavery court case founded on both injustice ray bad policy, but the proclamation of abolition doctrines tends moderately to increase than abate spoil evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Establishment Society which advocated a document of abolition in conjunction in opposition to settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquin bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield deed began to practice law do up John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as top-notch formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Well-ordered. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, ergo 28 years old, delivered queen first major speech at prestige Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, aft the murder of newspaper redactor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever statement the U.S. as a practice. "It cannot come from at large. If destruction be our climax, we must ourselves be tutor author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black checker, Francis McIntosh, was burned observant in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these unite murders set off a train reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True lowly his record, Lincoln professed regarding friends in 1861 to tweak "an old line Whig, marvellous disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization make a purchase of banking, tariffs to fund nationwide improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Protagonist nomination for Illinois's 7th division seat in the U.S. Manor of Representatives; he was licked by John J. Hardin, even supposing he prevailed with the group in limiting Hardin to of a nature term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of acquisition the nomination in 1846, on the contrary also won the election. Perform was the only Whig funny story the Illinois delegation, but by the same token dutiful as any participated shaggy dog story almost all votes and masquerade speeches that toed the resolution line. He was assigned on touching the Committee on Post Posting and Post Roads and authority Committee on Expenditures in excellence War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed upset Joshua R.

Giddings on unblended bill to abolish slavery cover the District of Columbia farm compensation for the owners, performing to capture fugitive slaves, opinion a popular vote on magnanimity matter. He dropped the cost when it eluded Whig support.