Dionysius thrax biography of donald

Dionysius Thrax

Greek grammarian (–90 BC)

Dionysius Thrax (Ancient Greek: Διονύσιος ὁ ΘρᾷξDionýsios ho Thrâix, –90 BC) was a Greek^[1]grammarian and a learner of Aristarchus of Samothrace. Subside was long considered to well the author of the primitive grammatical text on the Hellene language, one that was tattered as a standard manual tutor perhaps some 1, years, promote which was until recently deemed as the groundwork of glory entire Western grammatical tradition.^[a]

Life

His catch of origin was not Thrace, as the epithet "Thrax" denotes, but probably Alexandria.

His Thracian background was inferred from illustriousness name of his father Tērēs (Τήρης),^{[citation needed]} which is held to be a Thracian name.^{[citation needed]} One of his co-students during his studies in City under Aristarchus was Apollodorus go together with Athens, who also became cool distinguished Pfeiffer dates his move to the isle of Rodhos to c.&#;/ BC, when partisan upheavals associated with the policies of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II are thought to have spiteful to his exile.

According end a report in Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae (11,a, b), his Rhodian session, grateful for his learning, collected enough silver to enable him to fashion a cup whose shape aspired to recreate desert of Nestor mentioned in excellence Iliad (Book 11, lines –).

Dionysius was primarily a Homeric intellectual, which was integral to surmount training under Aristarchus in Town.

His work shows some outward appearance of earlier Stoic grammatical conception, particularly on word classes. Explicit is also reported by Student to have been an wise analyst of Greek lyric rhyme, perhaps referring to his extravagant and prosodic use of delay material. He wrote prolifically pointed three genres: philological questions (γραμματικά); running commentaries (ὑπομνήματα) and treatises (συνταγματικά).

Of the last seminar, he wrote a polemical exposition criticizing the Homeric interpretations cataclysm Krates. Another work he recap said to have written was the Περὶ ποσοτήτων (On quantities). From the scholia^[b] preserved be bereaved the critical works of Aristonicus and Didymus who excerpted Dionysius' work it is clear walk he was decidedly independent tabled his textual judgements on authority Homeric corpus, since he often contradicts his master's known readings.

His teaching may have acquainted a formative impact on class rise of Roman grammatical studies if as an entry stem the Suda suggests, the venerable Tyrannion was one of surmount pupils. The founder of classic scholarship in Rome, L. Aelius Stilo, may have profited spread Dionysius' instruction, since he attended to Rhodes Q. Metellus Numidicus when the latter went stimulus voluntary exile, and while Tyrant was still teaching there.

Tékhnē grammatikē

Dionysius Thrax was credited traditionally since the author of the head extant grammar of Greek, Art of Grammar (Τέχνη γραμματική, Tékhnē grammatikē).

The Greek text, consign August Immanuel Bekker's edition, runs to fifty pages.^[c] Its monetary worth in Byzantine scholarship is true by the fact that commentaries on it by Byzantine scholiasts run to some pages. Character text itself was thought highlight be the unique extant instance of a work by Hellenistic scholars.

This general consensus began to break down when examinations of grammatical texts datable curry favor a later period emerged amidst the finds of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri which, until relatively collect, showed no awareness of fade elements in the text attributed to Dionysius Thrax. It deeds itself primarily with a structural description of Greek, lacking provincial treatment of syntax.

The see to was translated into Armenian quondam around the 5th to Ordinal centuries AD, and into Syriac by Joseph Huzaya around prowl same period.^[14]

Dionysius defines grammar fatigued the beginning of the Tékhnē as "the empirical knowledge dying what is for the chief part being said by poets and prose writers".

He states that grammatikē, what we potency nowadays call "literary criticism",^[d] comprises six parts:

Grammatikḗ

(a) ἀνάγνωσις ἐντριβὴς κατὰ προσῳδίαν (anagnōsis): reading loud with correct pronunciation, accent careful punctuation.
(b) ἐξήγησις κατὰ τοὺς ἐνυπάρχοντας ποιητικοὺς τρόπους (exēgēsis): exposition systematic the tropes/τρόποι, the figurative parlance of texts.
(c) ἀπόδοσις πρόχειρος γλωσσῶν τε καὶ ἰστοριῶν (apodosis): usual exposition of obsolete words near subject matter.
(d) εὕρεσις ἐτυμολογίας (heuresis): finding the correct meaning hostilities words according to their beginning (etymology).
(e) ἐκλογισμὸς ἀναλογίας (eklogismos): background forth or considering analogies.
(f) κρίσις ποιημάτων (krisis): critical judgement grapple the works examined.^[e]

Paragraph 6 outlines the στοιχεῖα (stoikheia) or dialogue of the alphabet, together restore the divisions into vowels, diphthongs and consonants.

Paragraphs 7–10 agreement with syllables, long (μακραὶ συλλαβαί), short (βραχεῖαι συλλαβαί) and anceps (κοιναὶ συλλαβαί).

Paragraph 11 treats the eight-word classes, though tangy doubts exist as to bon gr or not this division goes back to Dionysius Thrax, in that ancient testimonies assert that smartness conflated proper nouns and appellatives, and classified the article confederacy with pronouns.

In the paragraph attributed to Dionysius, the evil eye classes, which Di Benedetto endure others argue was probably highlevel by Tryphon several decades name Dionysius, are as follows:

(a) the 'name' (ὄνομαónoma), translated trade in noun: a part of allocution inflected for case. Its unite genders: masculine (ἀρσενικόν), feminine (θηλυκόν) and neutral (οὐδέτερον) are extraordinary, together with the five make somebody believe you endings.^[f] He also notes on the other hand that two other terms flake also in use: κοινόν (common) designating those words whose sexual congress varies depending on the rumpy-pumpy of the creature, such in the same way ἵππος (hippos 'horse') and ἐπίκοινον (epicene) used to define justify whose gender is stable, on the contrary which can refer to either sex, instancing χελιδών (khelidōn 'swallow').

The name includes various species like nouns, adjectives, proper nouns, appellatives, collectives, ordinals, numerals build up more.^[24]
- For example, the appellative (προσηγορία), which he considers a person (εἶδος) of the proper noun, not a distinct part locate speech.
(b) the verb (ῥῆμα) adapt its tenses.
(c) the participle (μετοχή)
(d) the article (ἄρθρον)
(e) the pronoun (ἀντωνυμία)
(f) the preposition (πρόθεσις)
(g) depiction adverb (ἐπίρρημα)
(h) the conjunction (σύνδεσμος)

Paragraphs then elaborate successively on greatness parts of speech.

Authorship

Modern scepticism come to grief the attribution is associated give up your job the pioneering work of Vincenzo Di Benedetto in particular, sort through as early as Karl Wilhelm Göttling, by analyzing the scholium on the text that esoteric recently been collected and publicised by A.

I. Bekker, terminated that the text as phenomenon have it was to live dated, not to the Hellenistic period but rather to interpretation Byzantine period. Göttling's thesis positive neither Moritz Schmidt nor Gustav Uhlig, and disappeared from opinion. In /, Di Benedetto revitalized doubts by comparing the stuffy text with ancient grammatical papyri that had since come be against light.

He argued that heretofore the 3rd to 4th centuries AD, no papyri on Hellenic grammar reveal material structured just right a way similar to excellence exposition we have in Dionysius's treatise, that the surviving witnesses for the period before put off late date, namely authors much as Sextus Empiricus, Aelius Herodianus, Apollonius Dyscolus and Quintilian, break down to cite him, and turn Dionysius's work only begins thesis receive explicit mention in picture works written from the Ordinal century onwards by such scholars as Timotheus of Gaza, Ammonius Hermiae and Priscian.

Di Benedetto concluded that only the chief five paragraphs of the study came from Dionysius' hand.

Though at the start rebuffed by scholars of magnanimity calibre of Pfeiffer and Hartmut Erbse, Di Benedetto's argument has found general acceptance today amid specialists.

Notes

^"Elle a été considérée flaxen-haired le texte d'ancrage de toute la tradition grammaticale occidentale."
^There update extensive scholia to the Techne, which have been edited shy A.

Hilgard in Scholia impossible to tell apart Dionysii Thracis Artem Grammaticam, recensuit et apparatum criticum indicesque adiecit Alfredus Hilgard, Lipsiae: in aedibus B.G. Teubneri The collections firm footing scholia are the following: Prolegomena Vossiana (p. 1); Commentarius Melampodis seu Diomedis (p.

10); Commentarius Heliodori (p. 67); Scholiorum collectio Vaticana (p. ); Scholiorum collectio Marciana (p. ); Scholiorum collectio Londinensis (p. ); Commentariolus Byzantinus (pp. –).
^Immanuel Bekker, Anecdota Graeca, Volume 2 Berlin pp –
^Strictly speaking, "literary criticism" is explain or less what the one-sixth section of the treatise, krisis poiēmatōn, deals with.

That expression was translated by Di Benedetto as "textual criticism" which notwithstanding in classical Greek was christened διόρθωσις (diorthōsis).
^Diorthōsis (διόρθωσις), literally "correction", indicates the scholarly work achieve "recension" of a text, desert is, the establishment of probity correct text by critical examination and choice of specific readings.

The ekdosis (ἔκδοσις) is interpretation final result of such information bank operation.
^Classification according to gender was, fideAristotle, the invention of Protagoras.^[20] He designated the neuter character by the word σκεῦoς (inanimate thing; σκεύη in NOM pl.),^[21] which Aristotle replaced by μεταξύ (in between), meaning neither man nor female, a terminology which was adopted in Stoic approaches, which however established οὐδέτερον tempt the default term.

Citations

^"Dionysius Thrax | Greek grammarian".

Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 August
^Sandys , p.&#;
^Aristotle, Rhetoric
^σκεῦος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
^The outline 'onoma' at Dionysius Thrax, Τέχνη γραμματική (Art of Grammar), Περὶ ὀνόματος translated by Thomas Davidson, On the noun
καὶ αὐτὰ εἴδη προσαγορεύεται· κύριον, προσηγορικόν, ἐπίθετον, πρός τι ἔχον, ὡς πρός τι ἔχον, ὁμώνυμον, συνώνυμον, διώνυμον, ἐπώνυμον, ἐθνικόν, ἐρωτηματικόν, ἀόριστον, ἀναφορικὸν ὃ καὶ ὁμοιωματικὸν καὶ δεικτικὸν καὶ ἀνταποδοτικὸν καλεῖται, περιληπτικόν, ἐπιμεριζόμενον, περιεκτικόν, πεποιημένον, γενικόν, ἰδικόν, τακτικόν, ἀριθμητικόν, ἀπολελυμένον, μετουσιαστικόν.
also called species: suitable, appellative, adjective, relative, quasi-relative, homonym, synonym, pheronym, dionym, eponym, staterun, interrogative, indefinite, anaphoric (also titled assimilative, demonstrative, and retributive), long-suffering, distributive, inclusive, onomatopoetic, general, famous, ordinal, numeral, participative, independent.

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