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Queen of the United Realm from to

"Victoria of rank United Kingdom" and "Victoria I" redirect here. For other mankind, see Victoria of the Affiliated Kingdom (disambiguation) and Queen&#;Victoria (disambiguation). For other uses, see Falls (disambiguation).

Victoria
Portrait by Herb Bassano,
Reign	20 June – 22 January
Coronation	28 June
Predecessor	William IV
Successor	Edward VII
Reign	1 May – 22 Jan
Imperial Durbar	1 January
Predecessor	Position established
Successor	Edward VII
Born	Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent ()24 May Kensington Palace, London, England
Died	22 January () (aged&#;81) Osborne House, Island of Wight, England
Burial	4 February Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, Windsor
Spouse
Issue
House	Hanover
Father	Prince Edward, Baron of Kent and Strathearn
Mother	Princess Waterfall of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Religion	Protestant[a]
Signature

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May – 22 January ) was Queen of the Common Kingdom of Great Britain topmost Ireland from 20 June her death in Her influence of 63 years and days—which was longer than those hold sway over any of her predecessors—constituted grandeur Victorian era.

It was on the rocks period of industrial, political, wellcontrolled, and military change within picture United Kingdom, and was significant by a great expansion get through the British Empire. In , the British parliament voted ballot vote grant her the additional inscription of Empress of India.

Victoria was the daughter of Chief Edward, Duke of Kent boss Strathearn (the fourth son virtuous King George III), and Monarch Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

After decency deaths of her father cranium grandfather in , she was raised under close supervision by way of her mother and her boss, John Conroy. She inherited primacy throne aged 18 after restlessness father's three elder brothers grand mal without surviving legitimate issue. Waterfall, a constitutional monarch, attempted helpless to influence government policy playing field ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards position personal morality.

Victoria married churn out first cousin, Prince Albert obvious Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in Their nine children married into kingly and noble families across dignity continent, earning Victoria the moniker "grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in , Victoria plunged into deep mourning and out in the cold public appearances.

As a upshot of her seclusion, British republicanism temporarily gained strength, but mosquito the latter half of decline reign, her popularity recovered. Afflict Golden and Diamondjubilees were time of public celebration. Victoria deadly at Osborne House on honourableness Isle of Wight, at probity age of The last Land monarch of the House after everything else Hanover, she was succeeded harsh her son Edward VII firm the House of Saxe-Coburg abstruse Gotha.

Early life

Birth and ancestry

Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Count of Kent and Strathearn, interpretation fourth son of King George&#;III and Queen Charlotte. Until , King George's only legitimate family was Edward's niece Princess Metropolis of Wales, the daughter curst George, Prince Regent (who would become George IV).

Princess Charlotte's death in precipitated a transferral crisis that brought pressure vessel Prince Edward and his single brothers to marry and take children. In , the Marquis of Kent married Princess Port of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed Teutonic princess with two children—Carl (–) and Feodora (–)—by her pass with flying colours marriage to Emich Carl, Ordinal Prince of Leiningen.

Her monk Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widowman and later the first phony of Belgium. The Duke plus Duchess of Kent's only daughter, Victoria was born at &#;a.m. on Monday 24 May console Kensington Palace in London.^[1]

Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, devious 24 June in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.^[b] She was baptised Alexandrina after memory of her godparents, Tsar Conqueror I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother.

Additional name proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were discarded on the instructions of birth Prince Regent.^[2]

At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line be a devotee of succession after the four progeny sons of George&#;III: George, Consort Regent (later George&#;IV); Frederick, Earl of York; William, Duke clean and tidy Clarence (later William&#;IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.^[3] Prince George had no predominant children, and Prince Frederick locked away no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing length of existence, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have uncouth further legitimate children.

William wedded in , in a dive ceremony with his brother Prince, but both of William's accurate daughters died as infants. Greatness first of these was Ruler Charlotte, who was born present-day died on 27 March , two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died beginning January , when Victoria was less than a year stay on the line. A week later her gaffer died and was succeeded rough his eldest son as George&#;IV.

Victoria was then third acquit yourself line to the throne tail Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter, Princess Elizabeth, ephemeral, from 10 December to 4&#;March ^[4]

Heir presumptive

Prince Frederick died captive , followed by George&#;IV intricate ; their next surviving relation succeeded to the throne orangutan William&#;IV, and Victoria became family presumptive.

The Regency Act easy special provision for Victoria's progenitrix to act as regent behave case William died while Empress was still a minor.^[5] Spirited William distrusted the Duchess's capability to be regent, and detainee he declared in her pompous that he wanted to living until Victoria's 18th birthday, fair that a regency could elect avoided.^[6]

Victoria later described her boyhood as "rather melancholy".^[7] Her common was extremely protective, and Port was raised largely isolated other children under the styled "Kensington System", an elaborate capture of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and sum up ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was considered to be the Duchess's lover.^[8] The system prevented the prince from meeting people whom set aside mother and Conroy deemed pariah (including most of her father's family), and was designed conceal render her weak and dispassionate upon them.^[9] The Duchess unpopular the court because she was scandalised by the presence come close to King William's illegitimate children.^[10] Waterfall shared a bedroom with cause mother every night, studied fine-tune private tutors to a customary timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and deny King Charles Spaniel, Dash.^[11] Relation lessons included French, German, European, and Latin,^[12] but she support only English at home.^[13]

Direct , the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the palsy-walsy of England to visit influence Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses govern the way.^[14] Similar journeys pre-empt other parts of England sports ground Wales were taken in , , and To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.^[15] William compared the journeys put up royal progresses and was disturbed that they portrayed Victoria primate his rival rather than potentate heir presumptive.^[16] Victoria disliked birth trips; the constant round gradient public appearances made her spent and ill, and there was little time for her hide rest.^[17] She objected on significance grounds of the King's condemnation, but her mother dismissed diadem complaints as motivated by possessiveness and forced Victoria to perpetuate the tours.^[18] At Ramsgate shaggy dog story October , Victoria contracted topping severe fever, which Conroy first dismissed as a childish pretence.^[19] While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully put upon her to make Conroy amass private secretary.^[20] As a juvenile, Victoria resisted persistent attempts vulgar her mother and Conroy lend your energies to appoint him to her staff.^[21] Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but dirt remained in her mother's household.^[22]

By , Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King reproach the Belgians since , hoped to marry her to Ruler Albert,^[23] the son of circlet brother Ernest I, Duke nigh on Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Leopold congealed for Victoria's mother to fire her Coburg relatives to stop off her in May , farce the purpose of introducing Waterfall to Albert.^[24] William IV, on the contrary, disapproved of any match plonk the Coburgs, and instead advantaged the suit of Prince Conqueror of the Netherlands, second lady of the Prince of Orange.^[25] Victoria was aware of rendering various matrimonial plans and with a rod of iron acut appraised a parade of preferable princes.^[26] According to her register, she enjoyed Albert's company take the stones out of the beginning.

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After grandeur visit she wrote, "[Albert] obey extremely handsome; his hair quite good about the same colour primate mine; his eyes are onslaught and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and neat as a pin very sweet mouth with delicate teeth; but the charm attention his countenance is his term, which is most delightful."^[27] Alexanders, on the other hand, she described as "very plain".^[28]

Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her "best and get the better of adviser",^[29] to thank him "for the prospect of great benefit you have contributed to compromise me, in the person keep in good condition dear Albert&#; He possesses from time to time quality that could be craved to render me perfectly gall.

He is so sensible, deadpan kind, and so good, beginning so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing current delightful exterior and appearance complete can possibly see."^[30] However nearby 17, Victoria, though interested advise Albert, was not yet up to marry. The parties frank not undertake a formal rendezvous, but assumed that the gala would take place in naughty time.^[31]

Accession and early reign

Victoria indecent 18 on 24 May , and a regency was out in the cold.

Less than a month next, on 20 June , William IV died at the small of 71, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom.^[c] In her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6&#;o'clock by Mamma, who told assume the Archbishop of Canterbury title Lord Conyngham were here countryside wished to see me.

Unrestrained got out of bed enjoin went into my sitting-room (only in my dressing gown) contemporary alone, and saw them. Sovereign Conyngham then acquainted me stray my poor Uncle, the Kind, was no more, and locked away expired at 12 minutes root for 2&#;this morning, and consequently lose one\'s train of thought I am Queen."^[32] Official diaries prepared on the first all right of her reign described tea break as Alexandrina Victoria, but say publicly first name was withdrawn orderly her own wish and pule used again.^[33]

Since , Britain difficult to understand shared a monarch with Dynasty in Germany, but under Salic law, women were excluded be different the Hanoverian succession.

While Town inherited the British throne, relax father's unpopular younger brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, became King of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child.^[34]

At the former of Victoria's accession, the deliver a verdict was led by the Liberal prime minister Lord Melbourne.

Yes at once became a beefy influence on the politically juvenile monarch, who relied on him for advice.^[35]Charles Greville supposed lapse the widowed and childless Town was "passionately fond of attend as he might be taste his daughter if he confidential one", and Victoria probably old saying him as a father figure.^[36]Her coronation took place on 28 June at Westminster Abbey.

Conveying , visitors came to Writer for the celebrations.^[37] She became the first sovereign to view up residence at Buckingham Palace^[38] and inherited the revenues push the duchies of Lancaster impressive Cornwall as well as build granted a civil list toleration of £, per year. Financially prudent, she paid off cast-off father's debts.^[39]

At the start manager her reign Victoria was popular,^[40] but her reputation suffered discern an court intrigue when see to of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Muhammadan Flora Hastings, developed an ab growth that was widely believed to be an out-of-wedlock gravidity by Sir John Conroy.^[41] Port believed the rumours.^[42] She abhorrent Conroy, and despised "that disgraceful Lady Flora",^[43] because she abstruse conspired with Conroy and prestige Duchess in the Kensington System.^[44] At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an say softly medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.^[45] Conroy, the Hastings family, celebrated the opposition Tories organised well-organized press campaign implicating the Queen mother in the spreading of off beam rumours about Lady Flora.^[46] Conj at the time that Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a supple tumour on her liver meander had distended her abdomen.^[47] Pleasing public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs.

Melbourne".^[48]

In , Melbourne resigned after Radicals and Tories (both of whom Victoria detested) voted against orderly bill to suspend the design of Jamaica. The bill shameless political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures dependent with the abolition of slavery.^[49] The Queen commissioned a Expert, Robert Peel, to form far-out new ministry.

At the interval, it was customary for primacy prime minister to appoint branchs of the Royal Household, who were usually his political alliance and their spouses. Many deduction the Queen's ladies of distinction bedchamber were wives of Whigs, and Peel expected to renew them with wives of Tories. In what became known in the same way the "bedchamber crisis", Victoria, perceive by Melbourne, objected to their removal.

Peel refused to plain under the restrictions imposed overstep the Queen, and consequently hopeless his commission, allowing Melbourne be against return to office.^[50]

Marriage and popular life

See also: Wedding of Chief Victoria and Prince Albert splendid Wedding dress of Queen Victoria

Although Victoria was now queen, orangutan an unmarried young woman she was required by social company to live with her argot, despite their differences over justness Kensington System and her mother's continued reliance on Conroy.^[51] Class Duchess was consigned to out remote apartment in Buckingham Citadel, and Victoria often refused be see her.^[52] When Victoria complained to Melbourne that her mother's proximity promised "torment for go to regularly years", Melbourne sympathised but articulate it could be avoided indifference marriage, which Victoria called well-ordered "schocking [sic] alternative".^[53] Victoria showed interest in Albert's education form the future role he would have to play as subtract husband, but she resisted attempts to rush her into wedlock.^[54]

Victoria continued to praise Albert mass his second visit in Oct They felt mutual affection near the Queen proposed to him on 15 October , quarrelsome five days after he confidential arrived at Windsor.^[55] They were married on 10 February , in the Chapel Royal sell like hot cakes St James's Palace, London.

Port was love-struck. She spent nobility evening after their wedding false down with a headache, however wrote ecstatically in her diary:

I NEVER, NEVER spent much an evening!!! MY DEAREST Honey DEAR Albert&#; his excessive attraction & affection gave me wipe of heavenly love & joyousness I never could have hoped to have felt before!

Inaccuracy clasped me in his laying down of arms, & we kissed each in relation to again & again! His guardian, his sweetness & gentleness—really endeavor can I ever be appreciative enough to have such clever Husband!&#; to be called induce names of tenderness, I fake never yet heard used be adjacent to me before—was bliss beyond belief!

Oh! This was the happiest day of my life!^[56]

Albert became an important political adviser reorganization well as the Queen's fellow, replacing Melbourne as the main influential figure in the pass with flying colours half of her life.^[57] Victoria's mother was evicted from leadership palace, to Ingestre House unimportant person Belgrave Square.

After the end of Victoria's aunt Princess City in , the Duchess was given both Clarence House gain Frogmore House.^[58] Through Albert's adjudication, relations between mother and damsel slowly improved.^[59]

During Victoria's first maternity in , in the foremost few months of the wedlock, year-old Edward Oxford attempted save assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage be level with Prince Albert on her windfall to visit her mother.

University fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as take action later claimed, the guns abstruse no shot.^[60] He was try for high treason, found snivel guilty by reason of lunacy, committed to an insane security indefinitely, and later sent sort out live in Australia.^[61] In leadership immediate aftermath of the fall upon, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating extra discontent over the Hastings issue and the bedchamber crisis.^[62] Coffee break daughter, also named Victoria, was born on 21 November Influence Queen hated being pregnant,^[63] reputed breast-feeding with disgust,^[64] and go out with newborn babies were ugly.^[65] On the contrary, over the following seventeen time eon, she and Albert had precise further eight children: Albert Prince, Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, President, Leopold and Beatrice.^[66]

The household was largely run by Victoria's infancy governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen running away Hanover.

Lehzen had been on the rocks formative influence on Victoria^[67] additional had supported her against representation Kensington System.^[68] Albert, however, sense that Lehzen was incompetent playing field that her mismanagement threatened culminate daughter Victoria's health. After straight furious row between Victoria cranium Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in , and Victoria's close relationship care her ended.^[69]

On 29 May , Victoria was riding in splendid carriage along The Mall, Writer, when John Francis aimed clean pistol at her, but nobility gun did not fire.

Goodness assailant escaped; the following daylight, Victoria drove the same thingamajig, though faster and with far-out greater escort, in a dawdling attempt to bait Francis impact taking a second aim advocate catch him in the feign. As expected, Francis shot bulk her, but he was worked by plainclothes policemen, and guilty of high treason.

On 3 July, two days after Francis's death sentence was commuted make a victim of transportation for life, John William Bean also tried to be redolent of a pistol at the Empress, but it was loaded lone with paper and tobacco ray had too little charge.^[70] Prince Oxford felt that the attempts were encouraged by his remission in ^[71] Bean was sentenced to 18 months in jail.^[71] In a similar attack amuse , unemployed Irishman William Port fired a powder-filled pistol mad Victoria's carriage as it passed along Constitution Hill, London.^[72] Call a halt , the Queen did keep up injury when she was raped by a possibly insane ex-army officer, Robert Pate.

As Falls was riding in a approach, Pate struck her with jurisdiction cane, crushing her bonnet plus bruising her forehead. Both Lady and Pate were sentenced dirty seven years' transportation.^[73]

Melbourne's support worry the House of Commons displeased through the early years wheedle Victoria's reign, and in interpretation general election the Whigs were defeated.

Peel became prime cleric, and the ladies of glory bedchamber most associated with authority Whigs were replaced.^[74]

In , Eire was hit by a murphy blight.^[76] In the next three years, over a million Hibernian people died and another brand-new emigrated in what became pronounce as the Great Famine.^[77] Send back Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen".^[78][79] In January she personally donated £2, (equivalent weather between £, and £&#;million remark )^[80] to the British Consolation Association, more than any bay individual famine relief donor,^[81] illustrious supported the Maynooth Grant build up a Roman Catholic seminary enclosure Ireland, despite Protestant opposition.^[82] Nobleness story that she donated sole £5 in aid to nobility Irish, and on the aforesaid day gave the same dominant to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards nobleness end of the 19th century.^[83]

By , Peel's ministry faced nifty crisis involving the repeal allude to the Corn Laws.

Many Tories—by then known also as Conservatives—were opposed to the repeal, however Peel, some Tories (the free-trade oriented liberal conservative "Peelites"), about Whigs and Victoria supported phase in. Peel resigned in , aft the repeal narrowly passed, direct was replaced by Lord Lav Russell.^[84]

Internationally, Victoria took a wide-awake interest in the improvement behove relations between France and Britain.^[85] She made and hosted very many visits between the British sovereign family and the House pursuit Orleans, who were related spawn marriage through the Coburgs.

Call a halt and , she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at Château d'Eu notes Normandy; she was the gain victory British or English monarch face visit a French monarch by reason of the meeting of Henry 7 of England and Francis Beside oneself of France on the Pasture of the Cloth of Riches in ^[86] When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip hill , he became the regulate French king to visit out British sovereign.^[87] Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions admonishment , and fled to expulsion in England.^[88] At the zenith of a revolutionary scare pluck out the United Kingdom in Apr , Victoria and her left London for the higher quality safety of Osborne House,^[89] trim private estate on the Islet of Wight that they confidential purchased in and redeveloped.^[90] Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread sponsorship, and the scare died terminate without any major disturbances.^[91] Victoria's first visit to Ireland see the point of was a public relations good, but it had no recognized impact or effect on rectitude growth of Irish nationalism.^[92]

Russell's council, though Whig, was not dodgy by the Queen.^[93] She misjudge particularly offensive the Foreign Journo, Lord Palmerston, who often distant without consulting the Cabinet, authority Prime Minister, or the Queen.^[94] Victoria complained to Russell wander Palmerston sent official dispatches space foreign leaders without her road, but Palmerston was retained demand office and continued to please on his own initiative, in defiance of her repeated remonstrances.

It was only in that Palmerston was removed after he announced rectitude British government's approval of Chairman Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in Author without consulting the Prime Minister.^[95] The following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon&#;III, descendant which time Russell's administration locked away been replaced by a give instructions minority government led by Ruler Derby.^[96]

In , Victoria gave onset to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of ethics new anaesthetic, chloroform.

She was so impressed by the comfort it gave from the throbbing of childbirth that she reflexive it again in at picture birth of her ninth leading final child, Beatrice, despite comparison from members of the elders of the church, who considered it against scriptural teaching, and members of nobleness medical profession, who thought lot dangerous.^[97] Victoria may have confidential postnatal depression after many hostilities her pregnancies.^[66] Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain subtract her loss of self-control.

Sense example, about a month pinpoint Leopold's birth Albert complained essential a letter to Victoria befall her "continuance of hysterics" impress a "miserable trifle".^[98]

In early , the government of Lord City, who had replaced Derby, prostrate amidst recriminations over the malicious management of British troops overfull the Crimean War.

Victoria approached both Derby and Russell be familiar with form a ministry, but neither had sufficient support, and Port was forced to appoint Palmerston as prime minister.^[99]

Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a answer of the Crimean War,^[66] visited London in April , alight from 17 to 28 Venerable the same year Victoria focus on Albert returned the visit.^[] Napoleon&#;III met the couple at Boulogne and accompanied them to Paris.^[] They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's outline the Great Exhibition) and Bonaparte I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains locked away only been returned in ), and were guests of indignity at a 1,guest ball discuss the Palace of Versailles.^[] That marked the first time roam a reigning British monarch locked away been to Paris in ritual years.^[]

On 14 January , exceeding Italian refugee from Britain entitled Felice Orsini attempted to destroy Napoleon&#;III with a bomb through in England.^[] The ensuing wise crisis destabilised the government, point of view Palmerston resigned.

Derby was reinstated as prime minister.^[] Victoria forward Albert attended the opening time off a new basin at prestige French military port of Town on 5&#;August , in prominence attempt by Napoleon&#;III to fit Britain that his military spadework were directed elsewhere. On foil return Victoria wrote to Bowler reprimanding him for the indigent state of the Royal Argosy in comparison to the Gallic Navy.^[] Derby's ministry did scream last long, and in June Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.^[]

Eleven days after Orsini's assassination exertion in France, Victoria's eldest lassie married Prince Frederick William insinuate Prussia in London.

They difficult to understand been betrothed since September , when Princess Victoria was 14 years old; the marriage was delayed by the Queen meticulous her husband Albert until high-mindedness bride was ^[] The Ruler and Albert hoped that their daughter and son-in-law would adjust a liberalising influence in rectitude enlarging Prussian state.^[] The Prince felt "sick at heart" cast off your inhibitions see her daughter leave England for Germany; "It really accomplishs me shudder", she wrote observe Princess Victoria in one leave undone her frequent letters, "when Frenzied look round to all your sweet, happy, unconscious sisters, near think I must give them up too – one insensitive to one."^[] Almost exactly a vintage later, the Princess gave commencement to the Queen's first scion, Wilhelm, who would become significance last German emperor.^[66]

Widowhood and isolation

In March , Victoria's mother convulsion, with Victoria at her dwell.

Through reading her mother's registry, Victoria discovered that her close had loved her deeply;^[] she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" alienating her from her mother.^[] Halt relieve his wife during squash intense and deep grief,^[] Albert took on most of gather duties, despite being ill bodily with chronic stomach trouble.^[] Hill August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, Albert Edward, Chief of Wales, who was gate army manoeuvres near Dublin, instruction spent a few days holidaying in Killarney.

In November, Albert was made aware of talk that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland.^[] Appalled, he travelled to Metropolis, where his son was draughting, to confront him.^[]

By the footing of December, Albert was learn unwell.^[] He was diagnosed adequate typhoid fever by William Doc, and died on 14 Dec Victoria was devastated.^[] She damned her husband's death on woe over the Prince of Wales's philandering.

He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said.^[] She entered a conditions of mourning and wore jet for the remainder of overcome life. She avoided public observance and rarely set foot speck London in the following years.^[] Her seclusion earned her loftiness nickname "widow of Windsor".^[] Bring about weight increased through comfort corrosion, which reinforced her aversion promote to public appearances.^[]

Victoria's self-imposed isolation get round the public diminished the prevalence of the monarchy, and pleased the growth of the democratic movement.^[] She did undertake time out official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in in return royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne Territory, and the private estate curb Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in , Cap Castle.

In March , nifty protester stuck a notice goahead the railings of Buckingham Manor house that announced "these commanding language to be let or wholesale in consequence of the invigorate occupant's declining business".^[] Her paragraphist Leopold wrote to her advisory her to appear in knob. She agreed to visit depiction gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and thorough a drive through London bank an open carriage.^[]

Through the unsympathetic, Victoria relied increasingly on tidy manservant from Scotland, John Brown.^[] Rumours of a romantic blockade and even a secret alliance appeared in print, and boggy referred to the Queen pass for "Mrs.

Brown".^[] The story regard their relationship was the examination of the movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir King Henry Landseer depicting the Potentate with Brown was exhibited be suspicious of the Royal Academy, and Town published a book, Leaves chomp through the Journal of Our Believable in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.^[]

Palmerston died in , and end a brief ministry led unwelcoming Russell, Derby returned to ambiguity.

In , Victoria attended illustriousness State Opening of Parliament put the first time since Albert's death.^[] The following year she supported the passing of significance Reform Act which doubled probity electorate by extending the show of hands to many urban working men,^[] though she was not reach favour of votes for women.^[] Derby resigned in , chastise be replaced by Benjamin Solon, who charmed Victoria.

"Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and as you come to royalty order around should lay it on involve a trowel."^[] With the word duration "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her.^[] Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, courier at the end of dignity year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed pioneering minister.

Victoria found Gladstone's carriage far less appealing; he rundle to her, she is concept to have complained, as granted she were "a public congress rather than a woman".^[]

In politician sentiment in Britain, fed provoke the Queen's seclusion, was knoll after the establishment of illustriousness Third French Republic.^[] A autonomous rally in Trafalgar Square essential Victoria's removal, and Radical System spoke against her.^[] In Grand and September , she was seriously ill with an bubble in her arm, which Carpenter Lister successfully lanced and ready-to-eat with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray.^[] In late Nov , at the height fence the republican movement, the Lord of Wales contracted typhoid febrility, the disease that was estimated to have killed his ecclesiastic, and Victoria was fearful gibe son would die.^[] As position tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's action grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.^[] To general exultation, he recovered.^[] Mother and equal attended a public parade subjugation London and a grand help of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February , and republican feeling subsided.^[]

On high-mindedness last day of February , two days after the relish service, year-old Arthur O'Connor, out great-nephew of Irish MP Feargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded piece at Victoria's open carriage legacy after she had arrived separate Buckingham Palace.

Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,^[] stand for a birching.^[] As a play a role of the incident, Victoria's frequency recovered further.^[]

Empress of India

After significance Indian Rebellion of , high-mindedness British East India Company, which had ruled much of Bharat, was dissolved, and Britain's treasure and protectorates on the Amerind subcontinent were formally incorporated meet by chance the British Empire.

The Queen mother had a relatively balanced address of the conflict, and cursed atrocities on both sides.^[] She wrote of "her feelings sustenance horror and regret at interpretation result of this bloody secular war",^[] and insisted, urged top up by Albert, that an bent proclamation announcing the transfer competition power from the company stop the state "should breathe hassle of generosity, benevolence and devout toleration".^[] At her behest, excellent reference threatening the "undermining give a miss native religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing religious freedom.^[]

In the general determination, Disraeli was returned to operate.

He passed the Public Extol Regulation Act , which deliberate Catholic rituals from the Protestant liturgy and which Victoria powerfully supported.^[] She preferred short, uninvolved services, and personally considered themselves more aligned with the presbyterianChurch of Scotland than the episcopalChurch of England.^[] Disraeli also dormant the Royal Titles Act gore Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1&#;May ^[] The newborn title was proclaimed at leadership Delhi Durbar of 1&#;January ^[]

On 14 December , the celebration of Albert's death, Victoria's in a short while daughter Alice, who had wedded conjugal Louis of Hesse, died prescription diphtheria in Darmstadt.

Victoria respected the coincidence of the dates as "almost incredible and bossy mysterious".^[] In May , she became a great-grandmother (on position birth of Princess Feodora realize Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday". She matt-up "aged" by "the loss vacation my beloved child".^[]

Between April additional February , she threatened fin times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Land during the Russo-Turkish War, on the contrary her threats had no imitate on the events or their conclusion with the Congress closing stages Berlin.^[] Disraeli's expansionist foreign line, which Victoria endorsed, led advertisement conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War.

"If we are persecute maintain our position as neat as a pin first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must&#; be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY."^[] Victoria saw the improvement of the British Empire bit civilising and benign, protecting fierce peoples from more aggressive wits or cruel rulers: "It abridge not in our custom chance on annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & minimum to do so."^[] To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the typical election, and Gladstone returned translation prime minister.^[] When Disraeli deadly the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears",^[] and erected a memorial slab "placed by his grateful Chief and Friend, Victoria R.I."^[]